HADŽIĆ, Goran
 President of the assembly in Krajina.

HARBINJA, General Dervo
 Deputy Commander of Bosnian Territorial Defence Forces.

HAVEL, Vacláv
 Dissident playwright, spokesman for Charter '77, figurehead of the  Velvet revolution and later President of Czechoslovakia. Believed strongly in the common state of Czechs and Slovaks. Resigned in August before the division was finalised.

HETMAN, Vadim
 Tough head of Ukrainian National Bank (5/92)

HORN, Gyula
 Reformist Communist Foreign Minister of Hungary who was responsible for removing the Iron Curtain along the border with Austria.

HUSSEINOV, Geidar
 Leader of rebel forces in Azerbaijan whose attacks toppled Elchibey in June 93. Demanded the premiership.

HUSÁK, Gustáv
 First Secretary and President, Czechoslovakia, after Dubček. Turncoat, opportunist. Jakeą replaces him in party post 1987.

 -= I =-

IGNATIEFF/v
 Speaker for MSG, replaced Gerasimov.

IGNJATOVIĆ, Slobodan
 Director of Belgrade Television, a puppet of Miloąevic's. Named Federal information minister by Kontić, 3/93.

ILIESCU, Ion
 President of Romania after Ceaçescu'sa fall. Often accused of standing to closely linked to him from old times. Leader of the National Salvation Front. 'Democratically' elected.

ISKANDAROV, Akbarsho
 Acting president of Tajikistan after Nabiyev's overthow.

IVASHKO, Vladimir
 9/89 head of Pary in Ukraine. 12/89 Politburo. Reformist, took up early contact with the Ukraininan opposition (pre-89).

IZETBEGOVIĆ, Alija
 Bosnian Moslem President and leader of the predominantly Moslem Party for Democratic Action (SDA). Born 1925. Sentence to 3 years' prison in 1946 protesting Tito's closure of Islamic courts and voluntary associations. Pursued a career as business consultant. 1970 he wrote a paper entitled "The Islamic Declaration" denouncing socialism and praising Anglo-Saxon philosophy. Again arrested in 1983, charged with trying to create "an ethnically pure Muslim Bosnia-Hercegovina." Very political trial leading to a 14-year sentence.
 

 -= J =-

JAHIĆ, Rusmir
 Commander of Bosnian government forces in Sarajevo.

JAKEŠ, Milos
 Communist Party secretary general in Czechoslovakia, 1987.

JAROSEVIC,
 Prime Minister of Poland, sacked in 1980 as a scapegoat for Solidarity's protests. Tortured and strangled to death in Warsaw on 1/9/92, along with wife.

JARUZELSKI, General Woijcech
 Came to leadership of Poland after a 'coup' in 1981 as Solidarity protest collapsed into anarchy. Stepped down as president 1990.

JESZENSZKY, Geza
 Foreign minister in Antall's 5/90 cabinet in Hungary.

JOVANOVIĆ, Vladislav
 Foreign minister of Serbia, during civil war. Sacked by Panić after the London peace conference. Reinstated as Federal foreign minister by Kontić in 3/93.

JOZWIAK, Jerzy
 Leader of the Democratic Party in coalition with Mazowiecki.

JURKANS, Janis
 Foreign minister of Latvia in '91 when it gained independence.
 

 -= K =-

KACZMAREK, Wiesław
 Polish privatisation minister 10/93.

KADAR, Janos
 Hungarian Communist Party first secretary. Told Stalin exactly what had been said to him by Dubček during private meetings where he outlined his programme. Replaced Imre Nagy after '56 uprising. Replaced 22/5/89 by Karoly Grosz.

KADIJEVIĆ, General Veljko
 Federal Minister for National Defence in Yugoslavia.

KARADŽIĆ, Radovan
 Nationalist head of Bosnia's Serbs, leader of Serbian Democratic Party whose paramilitary wing surrounded Sarajevo. Doctor of psychology. Previous occupation : physician of the Sarajevo football team.

KARIĆ, Enes
 SDA BiH Minister of Culture (1994). Tried to forbid Sarajevo radio stations from playing songs written by Serbs.

KENDAYEV, Safarli
 Speaker of Tajik parliament under and ally of Nabiyev. Leader of rebels (Kulyabi) during attempted coup, October '92.

KERTES
 A Miloąević aide, and chief secret policeman. Sacked from this job by Panić in 7/92 as deputy federal interior minister of rump Yugoslavia. Pivotal in forwarding arms to Croatian and Bosnian Serb militants in the run-up to the wars.

KHAINDRAVA, Ivliyan
 Member of Georgian State Council; in negotiations with Abkhaz leader.

KHASBULATOV, Ruslan
 Speaker of the Russian Parliament. Bitter foe of Gaidar's government's policy. Ethnic Chechen. Was Deputy Speaker until Yeltsin was elected from the speakership to the Presidency. Stood shoulder-to-shoulder with him during the siege of the White House, building his 'kosher' reputation. Critical of Yeltsin's government "boys in short trousers." Remained polite to Yeltsin despite increasing opposition to his policies.

KODZHAMIRIAN, Y
Deputy Chairman of the Armenian Council of Ministers, 1989.

KHYLSTUN, Viktor
 Russian agriculture minister. Pleaded for larger subsidies to cover the costs of machinery and fuel, arguing that these were rising faster than market prices for agricultural produce. (2/93)

KITOVANI, Tengiz
 Leader of the National Guard in Georgia which was opposed to Gamsakhurdia. One of two military leaders during the civil war of January '92. Opposed to retribution against his supporters. Leader of National Gurad and Minister of defence in Shevardnadze's government.

KLAUS, Vacláv
 Finance Minister of Czechoslovakia. Radical ideas on economic reform included the privatisation by coupon of many smaller companies. Became leader of biggest party in elections in June 1992, and thus Prime Minister. Lead Czech negotiations on eone-to-one basis with Slovak leader Mečiar, leading to the division of the state of Czechs and Slovaks.

KNAZKO, Milan
 Foreign minister of Slovakia. Resigned from the HZDS and took 6 MPs with him after disagreements with Mečiar in the summer of 1993.

KOBALYEV
 "Sakharov didn't believe he'd see change in his lifetime."

KOKOSHIN, Andrei
 Russian Deputy Defence Minister (May 92). First civilian in post. Warned Ukraine Russia would be only possessor of nuclear arms.

KOLODZIEJCZYK, Piotr
 Polish minister of defence, 10/93. Vice admiral. Previously occupied the ministry under Mazowiecki and Bielecki. Close ally of Wałęsa. Questions the usefulness of NATO and Polish membership.

KONSTANTINOV,
 Russian Unity grouping.

KONTIĆ
 Prime Minister of Yugoslavia 1993. Previously Panić's deputy. Montenegrin.

KOSTIĆ, Branko
 Presidential candidate, Montenegro 1993. Strong adherent of srpstvo. Supported by Serbian media propaganda campaign, but still only manage 1/4 of the votes. Last acting chairman of the old federal presidency. Barred from the DPS because of his presidential candidacy.

KOSTIKOV, Vyacheslav
 Yeltsin's press secretary, spokesman. Later spokesman for Khasbulatov. Called on parliament to sack him (2/93) because of his abrasive manner.

KOVAČ, Roman
 HZDS deputy prime minister, Slovakia. Elected president 14/2/93. Political counterwieght to Mečiar who openly calls Gorbachev his role model.

KOZYREV, Andrei
 Russian Foreign Minister 1992. Unpopularly liberal for the CPD. Supported in his policy by Yeltsin. Hated by the Congress of People's Deputies.

KRAJISKNIK, Momcilo
 Speaker of the assembly (parliament) in the Bosnian Serb Republic.

KRAMARIĆ, Zlatko
 Mayor of Osijek.

KRASAVCHENKO, Sergei
 Radical deputy head of the new Russian administration, 1/94.

KRASIKOV, Anatoly
 Yeltsin spokesman, 1993.

KRASNIEWSKI,
 Leader of the reformed CP of Poland. Strongest party in 1993, but he is only a minister without portfolio.

KRAVCHUK, Leonid
 Reformed Communist president of the Ukraine. A convert to economic reform and a market economy.

KRYUTCHKOV,
 Head of oveseas esponage, then KGB head. Member of coup team, 8/91. 1956 secretary of embassy in Budapest. Taken by MSG to Washington in 1987; 1989 member of Politburo, formerly only Central Committee.

KREŠEVLJAKOVIĆ
 Mayor of Sarajevo, 1992.

KUČAREVIĆ, Kerim
 Seceded from the SDA (93) and created a breakaway party dedicated to fostering a multiethnic Bosnian state.

KUCHMA, Leonid
 Prime Minister of Ukraine from November 92. More cautious about economic reforms and the new currency than Kravchuk, calling for closer co-operation with Russia, economic and political rapprochement. Broke with this in February '93. Struggle of competences with Kravchuk in May '93, tried to win more powers from parliament. Resigned 5/93, restating belief that Kravchuk should have more powers. One of the Ukraine's few market-oriented politicians. Gained overseas respect and growing opposition at home. Previously director of the largest missile factory in the world.

KUKANJAC
 Federal Army (JNA) commander in Yugoslavia until 10/5/92; replaced by Mladic.

KUPA, Mihaly
 Maverick, technocrat finance minister in Hungary; resigned 2/93 after Antall proposes he take over the Ministry of Telecommunications. Often clashed with other ministers.

KUROŃ, Jacek
 Leading Solidarity member. Long time dissident activist. One of three names submitted to Jaruzelski as potential PM. Expelled from PZPR in 1964 for "leftist deviation." Imprisoned 1965, '69. "Declaration of the 59" signatory.

KVASOV, Vladimir
 Head of government administration 1/93. Former close colleague of Chernomyrdin in the gas industry. Replaced Golovkov, a close friend of Gaidar's.