-= C =-

ČALFA, Marian
 Communist reformist. Named head of the post-communist transition government under Havel from 7/12/89. Liberal-minded.

CAMPEANU, Radu
 Leader of the National Liberal Party in Romania. Opposed to the NSF. Called for the trial of all communist party leaders.

ČARNOGURSKY, Jan
 Slovak Catholic activist, lawyer, later Prime Minister of Slovakia from 1990 elections until his party gained only 8% in June 1992 elections. Remained as PM for a few weeks while the discussions on the future of the federation went on.

CEAUCESCU, Nicolae
 Dictator Communist leader in Romania. Overthrwn in bloody staged coup of December 1989. Called Conducator, harking back to NS times.

CHERNOMYRDIN, Viktor
 Russian Energy Minister 31/5/92 and with that member of cabinet. Former Soviet Minister for the Gas Industry. Named Prime Minister after Gaidar was rejected by CPD in December 1992. Said he would continue reform process, but without impoverishing the population.

CHUBAIS, Anatoly
 Deputy PM of Russia (6/3) charged with the privatisation programme. Remained at this post in the new Chernomyrdin cabinet, 20/1/94. Belorussian by birth (1955). Began political career in Leningrad. Advised Sobchak on economics. 12/91 member of Yeltsin's young Moscow team of reformers. Headed the State Property Management Committee.

CHURKIN, Vitaly
 Soviet foreign ministry spokesman. Russian deputy foreign minister. Named as special envoy to Yugoslavia after Bartholemew's visit to Kosyrev in 2/93.

ĆOSIĆ, Dobrica
 Yugoslav President ('92); the spiritual leader of all Serbs, a well-known writer.

COT, Jean
 Belgian UN Commander General. Withdrawn early.

ĆRVENKOVSKI, Branko
 Prime minister of Macedonia after independence.

CSURKA, Istvan
 Leader of extreme right-wing sentiment in the ruling MDF in Hungary. Populist writer, who calls for a "hungarian Hungary." Antall shared parts of his philosophy until he saw his own position in danger. Lost almost all his party posts in early 1993; vice-presidency of party, his seat on the parliamentary party's leadership.

CVITAN, Onesin
 Croatian hard-line interior minister sacked 8/91 in formation of all-party salvation government.

 -= D =-

DAVID, Filip
 Serb writer journalist, opponent of Socialist Party. Founder of the independent journalists trade union with 1500 members.

DELIĆ, Rasim
 Bosnian army commander 6/93. Military leader and member of the 10 person collective presidency. Refused to participate in negotiations 6/93.

DIENSTSBIER, Jiři
 Dissident and signatory of Charter '77 who became Foreign Minister of Czechoslovakia at end of 1989. His party didn't reach 5% hurdle in 1992 elections.

DJODAN, Sime
 Croatian hard-line defence minsiter, sacked 8/91 during formation of all-party government of national salvation.

DJUKANOVIĆ, Milo
 Prime Minister of Montenegro (DPS).

DJUKIĆ, Iljija
 Foreign Minister of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (92).

DMITROV
 Prime Minister of Bulgaria, resigned 10/92 after losing no-confidence motion he posed after he was accused of procuring arms for Macedonia. Succeeded by Berov.

DRACH, Ivan
 Founder of Rukh, an intellectual and a writer.

DRASKOVIC, Vuk
 Playwright? and popular opposition figure in Serbia. Became leader of opposition against Miloąević's regime, fęted when released from prison after protests. Leader of Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO). And DEPOS ? Arrested and severely beaten in 6/93 during anti-governemnt demos.

DRNOVŠEK, Janez
 1989-90 Yugoslav head of state. Prime Minister of Slovenia since May 1992, for the Liberal Democratic party, formerly the communist youth league.

DUBINETSKY, Yakov
 Chairman of Promstroibank, one of Russia's state-owned ventures.

DUDAYEV, General Dzhokar
 Leader of Chechenia which declared independence from Russia in '91. Vocal supporter of Caucasian independence and solidarity. Was previously the Soviet commandant of the military base in Tartu, Estonia.
 

 -= E =-

EKMEČIĆ, Milorad
 Historian, nationalist intellectual; the equivalent of Ćosić in the Serb-occupied Bosnia.

ELCHIBEY, Albufaz
 Chairman of opposition Popular Front in Azerbaijan; elected President in June '92 after Mutalibov's abortive coup. Former dissident. Deposed 6/93 by former Communist leader, elected Speaker.
 

 -= F =-

FILATOV, Sergei
 Deputy Speaker of the Russian Congress of People's Deputies (to 93). Later head of the presidential administration (chief of staff).

FOKIN, Vitold
 Ukrainian PM post-USSR. Resigned October '92, followed by government.

FUNAR
 Nationalistic leader of Transylvania, discriminatory against the Magyar minority.

FYODOROV, Boris
 Deputy prime minister for economics and finance, replacing Gaidar. An enemy of Khasblatov's.
 

FYODOROV, Nikolai
 Radical Russian Finance Minister, resigned in December 1990 (?), accusing Yeltsin administration of not being serious about market reforms. 6/92 Candidate for Chairman of Central Bank. Justice Minister 10/92 (and previous). Replaced by Kalmykov.
 

 -= G =-

GAIDAR, Yegor
 (first) First Deputy Prime Minister) of Russia, and Economy Minister. Lost portfolio at beginning of 4/92 -> reform programme criticism. Ousted as PM in December 1992 after failing to be confirmed in post. Replaced by Chernomyrdin. Said he would not serve in his government. Made Yeltsin's chief economic adviser. Returned to cabinet 9/93. 19/9 first deputy PM.

GALSOV, Akharsbek
 Speaker of the parliament of North Ossetia. (11/92)

GAMBAROV, Isa
 Chairman of the Azeri parliament, forced to resign by Aliyev in 6/93, who took his place. One of the leaders of the anti-Communist Popular Front.

GAMSAKHURDIA, Zviad
 Elected president of Georgia, 1990-1992. A former dissident, Imprisoned by Shevardnadze as dissident. Committed suicide, 1993/4.

GANIČ, Eyup
 Bosnian Vice President. Scathing of UN's policy in peace-keeping in Bosnia. Close friend of deputy PM Turajlić. Boycotted negotiations 6/93.

GERASHCHENKO, Viktor
 Chairman of Soviet central bank, took over Russian Central Bank in July '92. Became cabinet member in autumn 1992 as a concession to hardliners. Officially accountable to parliament.

GERASIMOV, Genaddy
 Charismatic spokesman for MSG until comments made about Nobel Peace Prize not being for Economics. 'Mouthpiece of Glasnost'.

GERATSCHENKO
 Replaced Matiukhin as Chairman of the Russian Central Bank; after his assumption of office money supply exploded.

GEREMEK, Bronisłav
 Leader of Solidarity's parliamentary group, 1989.

GIEREK, Edward
 Secretary General of PUWP 12/70 to 9/90, replacing Gomułka and replaced by Kania after legalisation of Soldarity.

GLIGOROV, Kiro
 Macedonian president after independence.

GOLOVKOV, Alexei
 Close colleague and friend of Gaidar's who he served as head of administration for a year. Replaced by Kvasov, close colleague of Chernomyrdin.

GOLOVIN, Andrei
 Leader of Smena, centrist faction in the Russian Congress of People's Deputies. Pro-constitutionalist.

GOLUSHKO, Nikolai
 Appointed security minister 19/9/93 (already acting since 7/93) to replace Barannikov. Served in KGB in Ukraine - not exactly a proven liberal.

GOMUŁKA, Władysław
 Communist Party secretary in Poland from 1956. Replaced in 1970 by Gierek after his disastrous handling of price rise riots. Progressively more conservative.

GÖNCZ, Arpad
 Writer. President of Hungary since August '90.

GORBACHEV, Mikhail
 Last President of the USSR, a reformer rather than a transformer, who brought Communist hegemony in the Soviet sphere to an end. His daring political reforms where accompanied by faltering democratic processes and a collapsing command economy.

GOTTWALD, Klement
 Post-war president and leader of the Communsit Party of Czechoslovakia. Reluctantly carried out stalinist purges. Died after catching 'flu at Stalin's funeral.

GOULDING, Marrack
 UN Under Secretary and head of peacekeeping. Particularly Yugoslavia.

GRACHEV, Pavel
 Russian Minister of Defence. Opposed to the military interfering in political life.

GRANIĆ, Mate
 Croatian foreign minister.

GROSZ, Karoly
 Replaced Janos Kádár as Hungarian Communist Party first secretary, 22/5/89. Offered to step down before dissolving congress.

GUSSEINOV, Surat
 Rebel leader against the Popular Front of Azerbaijan. Put pressure on Gambarov to resign. Close supporter of Aliyev. Was military commander in Nagorno-Karabakh until sacked by Elchibey in early '93.

GVERO, General Milan
 Second in Command of the Serb Bosnian Army. Opposed to US air-bridge for eastern Bosnia.

GYSI, Gregor
 SED member who headed Volkskammer working group on corruption and abuses of power withing the SED, 12/89.